Beat by an Underhand Girl
The Gene-Free Model of Expertise
2 Jennie Finch told me in an interview that she was nervous about Pujols hitting a line drive back at her, and that Bonds refused to allow certain pitches to be filmed. Many of Finch’s strikeouts of major leaguers, and Pujols’s “I don’t want to experience that again” quote, can be found in the DVD titled MLB Superstars Show You Their Game (Major League Baseball Productions, 2005).
4 On the problem a human confronts in trying to hit a fastball: Adair, Robert K. The Physics of Baseball (3rd ed.). Harper Perennial, 2002. Land, Michael F., and Peter McLeod (2000). “From Eye Movements to Actions: How Batsmen Hit the Ball.” Nature Neuroscience, 3(12):1340–45. McLeod, P. (1987). “Visual Reaction Time and High-Speed Ball Games.” Perception, 16(1):49–59.
5 Joe Baker (York University) and Jörg Schorer (University of Muenster) taught me about reaction speed and gave me an occlusion test in which I had to tend a virtual goal against female professional handball players. My results can be inferred from the original chapter 1 title in a first draft of this book: Beat by a Digital Girl.
5 For anyone who has ever been told, “Keep your eye on the ball”: Bahill, Terry A., and Tom LaRitz (1984). “Why Can’t Batters Keep Their Eyes on the Ball?” American Scientist, May–June.
6 A sampling of Janet Starkes’s work on perceptual expertise and simple reaction time:
Starkes, J. L., and J. Deakin (1984). “Perception in Sport: A Cognitive Approach to Skilled Performance.” In W. F. Straub and J. M. Williams, eds. Cognitive Sports Psychology, 115–28. Sport Science Intl.
Starkes, J. L. (1987). “Skill in Field Hockey: The Nature of the Cognitive Advantage.” Journal of Sport Psychology, 9:146–60.
8 De Groot’s experiments that laid the foundation for the study of chess expertise:
de Groot, A. D. Thought and Choice in Chess. Amsterdam University Press, 2008.
10 Chase and Simon’s chunking theory of chess expertise: Chase, William G., and Herbert A. Simon (1973). “Perception in Chess.” Cognitive Psychology, (4):55–81.
11 Some of the innovative occlusion work by Bruce Abernethy and colleagues: Abernethy, B., et al. (2008). “Expertise and Attunement to Kinematic Constraints.” Perception, 37(6):931–48.
Mann, David L., et al. (2010). “An Event-Related Visual Occlusion Method for Examining Anticipatory Skill in Natural Interceptive Tasks.” Behavior Research Methods, 42(2):556–62.
Muller, S., et al. (2006). “How do World-Class Cricket Batsmen Anticipate a Bowler’s Intention?” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59(10):2162–86.
12 The visual reaction speed of Muhammad Ali, and how Ali’s test results were initially misportrayed:
Kamin, Leon J., and Sharon Grant-Henry (1987). “Reaction Time, Race, and Racism.” Intelligence, 11:299–304.
12 The perceptual expertise of basketball rebounding:
Aglioti, Salvatore M., et al. (2008). “Action Anticipation and Motor Resonance in Elite Basketball Players.” Nature Neuroscience, 11(9):1109–16.
13 Psychologist Richard Abrams provided several of the results of Washington University’s 2006 testing of Pujols: http://news.wustl.edu/news/pages/7535.aspx.
13 Detailed background on the study of skill expertise in sports:
Starkes, Janet L., and K. Anders Ericsson, eds. Expert Performance in Sports: Advances in Research in Sport Expertise. Human Kinetics, 2003.
13 Practice at a specific task changes the brain and leads to automation:
Duerden, Emma G., and Danièle Laverdure-Dupont (2008). “Practice Makes Cortex.” The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(35):8655–57.
Squire, Larry, and Eric Kandel. Memory: From Mind to Molecules (chap. 9). Macmillan, 2000.
Van Raalten, Tamar R., et al. (2008). “Practice Induces Function-Specific Changes in Brain Activity.” PLoS ONE, 3(10):e3270.
13 Familiarity with a familiar mode of exercise influences brain activity. A study of interest:
Brümmer, V., et al. (2001). “Brain Cortical Activity Is Influenced by Exercise Mode and Intensity.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(10):1863–72.
14 The best primer on the modern study of expertise, from chess to surgery to writing, with emphasis on “software”:
Ericsson, K. Anders, et al., eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
The Gene-Free Model of Expertise
2 Jennie Finch told me in an interview that she was nervous about Pujols hitting a line drive back at her, and that Bonds refused to allow certain pitches to be filmed. Many of Finch’s strikeouts of major leaguers, and Pujols’s “I don’t want to experience that again” quote, can be found in the DVD titled MLB Superstars Show You Their Game (Major League Baseball Productions, 2005).
4 On the problem a human confronts in trying to hit a fastball: Adair, Robert K. The Physics of Baseball (3rd ed.). Harper Perennial, 2002. Land, Michael F., and Peter McLeod (2000). “From Eye Movements to Actions: How Batsmen Hit the Ball.” Nature Neuroscience, 3(12):1340–45. McLeod, P. (1987). “Visual Reaction Time and High-Speed Ball Games.” Perception, 16(1):49–59.
5 Joe Baker (York University) and Jörg Schorer (University of Muenster) taught me about reaction speed and gave me an occlusion test in which I had to tend a virtual goal against female professional handball players. My results can be inferred from the original chapter 1 title in a first draft of this book: Beat by a Digital Girl.
5 For anyone who has ever been told, “Keep your eye on the ball”: Bahill, Terry A., and Tom LaRitz (1984). “Why Can’t Batters Keep Their Eyes on the Ball?” American Scientist, May–June.
6 A sampling of Janet Starkes’s work on perceptual expertise and simple reaction time:
Starkes, J. L., and J. Deakin (1984). “Perception in Sport: A Cognitive Approach to Skilled Performance.” In W. F. Straub and J. M. Williams, eds. Cognitive Sports Psychology, 115–28. Sport Science Intl.
Starkes, J. L. (1987). “Skill in Field Hockey: The Nature of the Cognitive Advantage.” Journal of Sport Psychology, 9:146–60.
8 De Groot’s experiments that laid the foundation for the study of chess expertise:
de Groot, A. D. Thought and Choice in Chess. Amsterdam University Press, 2008.
10 Chase and Simon’s chunking theory of chess expertise: Chase, William G., and Herbert A. Simon (1973). “Perception in Chess.” Cognitive Psychology, (4):55–81.
11 Some of the innovative occlusion work by Bruce Abernethy and colleagues: Abernethy, B., et al. (2008). “Expertise and Attunement to Kinematic Constraints.” Perception, 37(6):931–48.
Mann, David L., et al. (2010). “An Event-Related Visual Occlusion Method for Examining Anticipatory Skill in Natural Interceptive Tasks.” Behavior Research Methods, 42(2):556–62.
Muller, S., et al. (2006). “How do World-Class Cricket Batsmen Anticipate a Bowler’s Intention?” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59(10):2162–86.
12 The visual reaction speed of Muhammad Ali, and how Ali’s test results were initially misportrayed:
Kamin, Leon J., and Sharon Grant-Henry (1987). “Reaction Time, Race, and Racism.” Intelligence, 11:299–304.
12 The perceptual expertise of basketball rebounding:
Aglioti, Salvatore M., et al. (2008). “Action Anticipation and Motor Resonance in Elite Basketball Players.” Nature Neuroscience, 11(9):1109–16.
13 Psychologist Richard Abrams provided several of the results of Washington University’s 2006 testing of Pujols: http://news.wustl.edu/news/pages/7535.aspx.
13 Detailed background on the study of skill expertise in sports:
Starkes, Janet L., and K. Anders Ericsson, eds. Expert Performance in Sports: Advances in Research in Sport Expertise. Human Kinetics, 2003.
13 Practice at a specific task changes the brain and leads to automation:
Duerden, Emma G., and Danièle Laverdure-Dupont (2008). “Practice Makes Cortex.” The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(35):8655–57.
Squire, Larry, and Eric Kandel. Memory: From Mind to Molecules (chap. 9). Macmillan, 2000.
Van Raalten, Tamar R., et al. (2008). “Practice Induces Function-Specific Changes in Brain Activity.” PLoS ONE, 3(10):e3270.
13 Familiarity with a familiar mode of exercise influences brain activity. A study of interest:
Brümmer, V., et al. (2001). “Brain Cortical Activity Is Influenced by Exercise Mode and Intensity.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(10):1863–72.
14 The best primer on the modern study of expertise, from chess to surgery to writing, with emphasis on “software”:
Ericsson, K. Anders, et al., eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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